In 1605 the Mi’kmaq Nation welcomed new neighbours from France living on their summer fishing grounds, and a cooperative relationship was formed. When New England expansionist colonists attacked Mi’kmaq coastal villages, they joined the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Acadians and the French, to defend against the British. When the British took over Port Royal in 1710, the French ceded control of Nova Scotia, but the Mi’kmaq did not surrender, continuing to attack British settlements. Cornwallis established the citadel of Halifax in 1749, violating the treaty with the Mi’kmaq. A brutal struggle against genocidal British officers and American Rangers carried on until a Burying the Hatchet ceremony in 1761 concluded peace negotiations, ending the bloodiest chapter in Atlantic Canadian history.